Site Map
Strauch - Securing the product in the container
 
Foreword
 
1 Introduction
1.1 The history of the container
1.2 Container flows
1.3 Maritime transport of containers
1.3.1 Container-carrying vessels
1.3.1.1 Part 1
1.3.1.2 Part 2
1.3.2 Positioning and securing of containers on board
1.3.3 Container stowage plans
1.4 Containers and insurance
1.4.1 General
1.4.2 Containers and cargo insurance
1.4.3 Containers and container & hull insurance
1.4.4 Liability of transport company
1.4.4.1 Container provided by shipper
1.4.4.2 Container provided by carrier
1.4.5 Reference
1.5 Responsibility for packing
 
2 Causes of damage during transport
2.1 Loss prevention through training
2.2 Examples of damage
2.3 Shipping stresses - general information
2.3.1 Static mechanical shipping stresses
2.3.2 Dynamic mechanical shipping stresses
2.3.3 Mechanical stresses in maritime transport
2.3.4 Mechanical stresses in road transport
2.3.5 Mechanical stresses in rail transport
2.3.6 Mechanical stresses in inland waterway transport
2.3.7 Mechanical stresses during cargo handling
2.3.8 Climatic stresses
2.3.9 Biotic stresses
2.3.10 Chemical stresses
 
3 Containers - Explanation of terminology
3.1 Container design
3.1.1 Container design and types
3.1.1.1 Part 1
3.1.1.2 Part 2
3.1.1.3 Part 3
3.1.2 CSC & structural and testing regulations
3.1.3 Cargo securing equipment
3.2 Container dimensions and weights
3.3 Identification system
3.4 Size and type codes
3.5 Operational markings
3.6 Other markings
3.7 Arrangement of obligatory and optional
 markings
3.8 Labeling of containers carrying hazardous materials
 
4 Loading and load securing
4.1 Packaging and marking
4.1.1 Packaging receptacles and packaging aids
4.1.2 Unitization and palletization
4.1.2.1 Part 1
4.1.2.2 Part 2
4.1.2.3 Part 3
4.1.3 Securing goods in packaging receptacles
4.1.4 Marking goods
4.1.4.1 Part 1
4.1.4.2 Part 2
4.2 Packing and stowage methods
4.2.1 Preparatory work
4.2.1.1 Selecting and checking CTUs
4.2.1.2 Before packing
4.2.1.3 Stowage planning
4.2.2 Using segregating materials
4.2.3 Dunnage
4.2.4 Basic stowage methods
4.2.4.1 Part 1
4.2.4.2 Part 2
4.2.4.3 Part 3
4.2.5 Packing rules
4.2.5.1 Part 1
4.2.5.2 Part 2
4.2.5.3 Part 3
4.2.6 Useful hints
4.2.7 On completion of packing
4.2.8 Final work in the door area
4.3 Load securing
4.3.1 General load securing methods
4.3.2 Achieving a tight fit using container components and
   special components
4.3.3 Achieving a tight fit by filling in gaps
4.3.4 Achieving a tight fit by bracing
4.3.5 Achieving a tight fit by lashing
4.3.6 Friction securing
4.3.7 Securing against tipping and other hazards
4.3.8 Securing by nailing
4.4 Load securing equipment
4.4.1 Lashing materials
4.4.1.1 Part 1
4.4.1.2 Part 2
4.4.1.3 Part 3
4.4.2 Wood
4.4.3 Filling material
4.4.4 "Artificial tight fit"
4.4.5 Friction and friction-enhancing surfaces
 
5 Examples of packing and securing
5.1 Modularized container loads
5.2 Individual or homogeneous cargoes
5.2.1 Castings, plant and machine parts
5.2.1.1 Cylindrical plant parts in wooden cradles
5.2.1.2 Cylindrical plant parts in wooden frames
5.2.1.3 Heavy plant part on 40' flatrack
5.2.1.4 Pipe frame on 20' flatrack
5.2.1.5 Overheight, overwidth plant
5.2.1.6 Half-shells
5.2.1.7 Boilers and tanks on flatracks
5.2.1.8 Concrete pump on a flatrack
5.2.1.9 Axles on flatracks
5.2.2 Bales in box containers
5.2.3 Blocks, slabs etc.
5.2.3.1 Granite blocks on a flatrack
5.2.3.2 Granite curbstones in box containers
5.2.3.3 Granite columns in box containers
5.2.3.4 Granite and marble slabs on A-frames
5.2.4 Vehicles and construction machinery
5.2.4.1 Automobiles in standard containers
5.2.4.2 Earth borer on 20' platform
5.2.4.3 Earth borer on 40' flatrack
5.2.4.4 Concrete breaker on 40' flatrack
5.2.4.5 Rail vehicle on 40' flatrack
5.2.5 Cargoes in barrels
5.2.6 Lumber cargoes
5.2.6.1 Roundwood or logs
5.2.6.2 Examples - cut and packaged lumber
5.2.7 Cable reels
5.2.7.1 Cable reels in standard containers, winding axis
lying lengthwise
5.2.7.2 Cable reels on a flatrack, winding axis vertical
5.2.7.3 Overheight cable reels on a flatrack, winding axis
lying crosswise
5.2.8 Boxes and crates
5.2.8.1 Overwidth boxes and crates, example 1
5.2.8.2 Overwidth boxes and crates, example 2
5.2.8.3 Overheight boxes on flatracks, example 1
5.2.8.4 Overheight boxes on flatracks, example 2
5.2.8.5 Overheight boxes on flatracks, example 3
5.2.8.6 Overheight boxes on flatracks, example 4
5.2.8.7 Overheight and overwidth boxes on flatracks,
 example 1
5.2.8.8 Overheight and overwidth boxes on flatracks,
 example 2
5.2.8.9 Overheight and overwidth boxes on flatracks,
 example 3
5.2.8.10 Overheight and overwidth boxes on flatracks,
   example 4
5.2.8.11 Overheight and overwidth boxes on flatracks,
   example 5
5.2.8.12 Overheight and overwidth boxes on flatracks,
   example 6
5.2.8.13 Overheight and overwidth boxes on flatracks,
   example 7
5.2.8.14 Overheight and overwidth boxes on flatracks,
   example 8
5.2.8.15 Overheight and overwidth boxes on flatracks,
   example 9
5.2.8.16 Overheight and overwidth boxes on flatracks,
   example 10
5.2.9 Palletized cargo
5.2.10 Paper rolls
5.2.10.1 Paper rolls, vertical axis
5.2.10.2 Paper rolls, axis lying crosswise
5.2.11 Bagged cargo
5.2.11.1 Bagged cargo, unpalletized
5.2.11.2 Bagged cargo, palletized
5.2.11.3 Big Bags
5.2.12 Cartons
5.2.13 Pipes, non-metallic
5.2.14 Steel and metal cargoes
5.2.14.1 Steel coils: general information
5.2.14.2 Coils on containers
5.2.14.3 Coils on flatracks with winding axis lying
   crosswise
5.2.14.4 Coils in box containers with winding axis
   lying lengthwise

   NEW: Kaps - Loading and Transport
   of Steel Coils in ISO-Containers
   Abstract
 
   1 Introduction
   2 General conditions
   2.1 Containers
   2.2 Steel coils
   2.3 Classes of weight (mass)
   2.4 Stowage arrangements
   2.4.1 Arrangement "Eye to sky"
   2.4.2 Arrangement "Eye to side"
   2.4.3 Arrangement "Eye fore and aft"
   3 Strength capacity of containers
   3.1 Loading the bottom in transverse direction
   3.2 Loading the container longitudinally
   3.3 Bedding-diagram
   4 Section modules and permissible loads
   4.1 Section modules and permissible loads
   4.2 Prevailing load case
   4.3 Beam-diagrams
   5 Securing principles
   5.1 Securing effort
   5.2 Securing methods
   5.3 Securing balance
   6 Stowage examples
   6.1 Weight class L
   6.1.1 Checking transverse and longitudinal loads to the container
   6.1.2 Checking the loads to the timber beams
   6.1.3 Securing of the coils
   6.2 Weight class L(max)
   6.2.1 Checking transverse and longitudinal loads to the container
   6.2.2 Checking the loads to the timber beams
   6.2.3 Securing of the coils
   6.3 Weight class M(max)
   6.3.1 Checking transverse and longitudinal loads to the container
   6.3.2 Checking the loads to the timber beams
   6.3.3 Securing of the coils
   6.4 Weight class H
   6.4.1 Checking transverse and longitudinal loads to the container
   6.4.2 Checking the loads to the timber beams
   6.4.3 Securing of the coil
   6.5 Weight class XH
   6.5.1 Checking transverse and longitudinal loads to the container
   6.5.2 Checking the loads to the steel beams
   6.5.3 Securing of the coil
   6.6 Alternative solution for all weight classes

5.2.14.5 Coils on skids, horizontal winding axis
5.2.14.6 Coils on skids, vertical winding axis
5.2.14.7 Wire rod coils with winding axis lying crosswise
5.2.14.8 Wire rod coils with winding axis lying lengthwise
5.2.14.9 Electrolytic copper coils on pallets
5.2.14.10 Round bars and profiles
5.2.14.11 Slabs - definition
5.2.14.12 Slabs - line loads
5.2.14.13 Slabs - load distribution on flatracks
5.2.14.14 Slabs - securing - lateral
5.2.14.15 Slabs - maximum securing load of lashing points
5.2.14.16 Securing with steel strapping
5.2.14.17 Slabs - maximum securing load of wire rope
5.2.14.18 Slabs - longitudinal securing by bracing
5.2.14.19 Slabs - packing into a box container
5.2.14.20 Slabs - lateral securing
5.2.14.21 Slabs - vertical securing
5.2.14.22 Slabs - load distribution in open-top containers
5.2.14.23 Slabs - securing in open-top containers
5.2.14.24 Slab-like steel parts on a flatrack
5.2.14.25 Heavy plate and sheet packages on flatracks
5.2.14.26 Sheet packages in box containers
5.2.14.27 Ingots in box containers
5.3 Primarily heterogeneous general cargoes
5.3.1 Bales/rolls
5.3.1.1 Bales, mixed cargo
5.3.1.2 Rolls
5.3.2 Receptacles, small and IBC
5.3.3 Barrel cargoes, mixed cargo
5.3.3.1 Example 1
5.3.3.2 Example 2
5.3.3.3 Example 3
5.3.3.4 Example 4
5.3.3.5 Example 5
5.3.3.6 Example 6
5.3.3.7 Example 7
5.3.4 Dangerous goods
5.3.4.1 Examples
5.3.5 Cable reels with other cargoes
5.3.6 Boxes and crates with other cargoes
5.3.6.1 Example 1
5.3.6.2 Example 2
5.3.6.3 Example 3
5.3.6.4 Example 4
5.3.6.5 Example 5
5.3.6.6 Example 6
5.3.6.7 Example 7
5.3.6.8 Example 8
5.3.7 Palletized cargoes, mixed cargo
5.3.7.1 Example 1
5.3.7.2 Example 2
5.3.7.3 Example 3
5.3.8 Big Bags, mixed cargo
5.3.9 Cartons
5.3.9.1 Cartons only
5.3.9.2 Cartons, mixed cargo
5.3.9.2.1 Example 1
5.3.9.2.2 Example 2
5.3.9.2.3 Example 3
5.3.9.2.4 Example 4
5.3.9.2.5 Example 5
5.3.9.2.6 Example 6
5.3.9.2.7 Example 7
5.3.9.3 Cartons on pallets
5.3.9.3.1 Example 1
5.3.9.3.2 Example 2
5.3.9.3.3 Example 3
5.3.9.3.4 Example 4
5.3.9.3.5 Example 5
5.3.9.3.6 Example 6
5.3.9.3.7 Example 7
5.3.9.3.8 Example 8
5.3.9.3.9 Example 9
5.3.10 Steel and metal products, mixed cargo
5.3.10.1 Example 1
5.3.10.2 Example 2
5.3.10.3 Example 3
5.3.11 General cargo in open-top containers
5.3.12 Kitchens in standard containers
 
 
Wild - Refrigerated containers and CA technology
 
Foreword
 
6 Trends in maritime refrigerated transport
 
7 Refrigerated containers
7.1 Porthole refrigerated containers
7.1.1 Cold air supply on ships
7.1.2 Cold air supply at terminals
7.1.3 Cold air supply on trucks/trains
7.1.4 Shipping line services with porthole containers
7.1.5 Ships and slots
7.1.6 Prospects
7.2 Integral refrigerated containers
7.2.1 How do integral refrigerated containers work?
7.2.2 Refrigeration units for integral containers
7.2.3 Components of an integral refrigerated container
7.2.4 Fresh air
7.2.5 Coolant compressors
7.2.6 Coolants
7.2.7 Controllers
7.2.7.1 Operation for frozen goods
7.2.7.2 Operation for chilled goods
7.2.7.3 Defrosting
7.2.7.4 Special operation modes
7.2.8 Temperature records
7.2.9 Remote monitoring
7.2.9.1 Systems available
7.2.9.2 Four-wire monitoring
7.2.9.3 Power cable transmission
7.2.9.3.1 Narrowband
7.2.9.3.2 Wideband
7.2.9.3.3 ISO 10368 standard
7.2.9.4 Prospects
7.2.10 Boxes
7.2.11 Future trends
7.3 Comparison between integral and porthole containers
7.4 Trends in the size of integral containers
7.5 Container production
7.6 Trends in the container ship fleet
 
8 Technical aspects during transportation
8.1 Power supply
8.1.1 Electrical data in accordance with ISO 1496-2
8.1.2 Actual power consumption
8.1.3 On board
8.1.4 On land
8.1.5 Transport by rail/road
8.2 Ambient conditions
8.3 Heat dissipation
8.3.1 Heat to be dissipated per container
8.3.2 Heat dissipation when transporting refrigerated
    containers below deck
8.3.2.1 Heat dissipation processes
8.3.2.2 Heat dissipation using fresh air
8.3.2.3 Heat dissipation using return air cooling processes
8.3.2.4 Heat dissipation using water for cooling
8.3.2.5 Heat dissipation using evaporative cooling
       processes
8.4 Temperature records in refrigerated containers
8.4.1 Introduction
8.4.2 How do refrigerated containers work?
8.4.2.1 Air flow and regulation
8.4.2.2 Temperature records
8.4.2.2.1 Circular temperature charts
8.4.2.2.2 Data loggers
8.4.2.2.3 Temperature recorders in the load
8.4.2.2.4 Manual temperature records
8.4.2.2.5 Remote monitoring
8.4.2.2.6 Conair or porthole containers
8.4.2.3 Influence of the stowage methods on the return
       air temperature
8.4.3 Temperature changes within the container
8.4.3.1 Temperature increases without refrigeration
8.4.3.1.1 Rule of thumb calculations
8.4.3.1.2 Numeric calculations
8.4.3.2 Cooling of the cargo during refrigeration
8.4.4 Summary
 
9 Controlled atmosphere in refrigerated containers
9.1 Biological principles
9.2 Technical principles
9.2.1 Principle of nitrogen generation
9.2.1.1 Membrane type nitrogen separators
9.2.1.2 PSA type nitrogen generators
9.2.2 The system in the CA space
9.2.3 Influence of the gastightness of the container
9.3 CA in containers
9.4 Economic aspects of CA transportation
 
 
Scharnow - The product in the container
 
Foreword
 
10 Climatic conditions
10.1 Inclusion of hygroscopic goods
   in container transport
10.2 Fundamental issues relating to container climate
10.2.1 Temperature & water vapor content of the air
10.2.2 Hygroscopicity
10.2.3 Water content of the goods
10.2.4 Sorption behavior
10.2.5 Sorption isotherms
10.2.6 Representation of the sorption behavior of a product
using the temperature/dew point difference
10.2.7 Types of sorption isotherm
10.2.8 Water vapor in container air
10.2.9 Definition of moisture sensitivity
10.3 Cryptoclimate in the container and
   climatic influencing factors
10.3.1 The significance of interfaces for the cryptoclimate
in the container
10.3.2 Storage temperatures in the container
10.3.2.1 Influence of solar radiation on daily variation
   in container temperature - radiation classes
10.3.2.2 Depth of penetration of temperatures
10.3.3 Water vapor in the container
10.3.4 Sources of sweat
10.3.4.1 Container air as source of sweat
10.3.4.2 Ventilation air as source of sweat
10.3.4.3 Water content of the goods as source of sweat
10.3.4.4 Water content of packaging, accompanying
   material and dunnage
10.3.4.5 Rain water (leaks) as source of sweat
10.3.5 Influence of radiation on container cryptoclimate
10.3.5.1 Formation of container sweat in radiation weather
10.3.5.2 Sweat classes
10.3.6 Influence of climatic change due
to international transport
10.3.6.1 Formation of container sweat in the event of a
   drop in air temperature due to sea route:
   voyage into temperate latitudes
10.3.6.2 Humidity motor (cycle) in the container
10.3.6.3 Loss prevention measures
10.3.6.4 Formation of cargo sweat in the event of a
   rise in air temperature due to sea route: voyage
   into the tropics
10.3.6.5 Loss prevention measures
10.3.6.6 Route from Rostock to West Africa and the
  formation of cargo and container sweat
10.3.7 Loss prevention measures for avoiding
moisture damage in container transport
10.4 Interrelationships between cargo type, container type and
  stowage space
10.4.1 Selection of suitable container type
10.4.2 Stowage space requirements on a
container ship
 
11 Factors determining goods storage climate conditions
11.1 Classification of goods by water content classes
11.2 Biotic activity of goods
11.3 Requirements and interrelationships of goods with regard
  to storage climate
11.4 Container transport of products
11.4.1 Goods of water content class 0, not subject to any
conditions
11.4.2 Goods of water content classes 1-3
 
12 Transport properties of products
12.1 Definitions
12.2 Compatibility characteristics
 
13 Risk factors
13.1 Risk factor Temperature
13.1.1 Travel or transport temperature
13.1.2 Upper and lower travel temperature limits
13.1.3 Temperature-controlled transport
13.1.4 Loss prevention measures for
avoiding temperature damage
13.2 Risk factor Humidity/Moisture
13.2.1 Classification of goods according to moisture behavior
13.2.2 Measures for avoiding moisture damage
13.3 Risk factor Ventilation
13.3.1 Standard containers
13.3.2 Refrigerated containers
13.3.3 Refrigerated containers, autonomous
13.3.4 Ventilated containers
13.3.5 Open containers and flatracks
13.3.6 Loss prevention measures for avoiding
ventilation damage
13.4 Risk factor Biotic activity
13.4.1 Biotic changes and their causal factors
13.4.2 Loss prevention measures for avoiding
biotic changes
13.5 Risk factor Gases
13.5.1 Gases in goods of vegetable origin
13.5.2 Gases in industrial centers
13.5.3 Loss prevention measures for avoiding
damage due to gases
13.6. Risk factor Self-heating/Spontaneous combustion
13.6.1 Hydrolytic/enzymatic fat cleavage due to
exposure to moisture
13.6.2 Oxidative fat cleavage due to action of oxygen
13.6.3 Loss prevention measures for avoiding damage
due to self-heating/spontaneous combustion
13.7 Risk factor Odor
13.7.1 Odor tainting (active behavior)
13.7.2 Odor sensitivity (passive behavior)
13.7.3 Loss prevention measures
13.8 Risk factor Contamination
13.8.1 Contamination by dust
13.8.2 Contamination by dirt
13.8.3 Contamination by fats/oils
13.8.4 Contamination (active behavior)
13.8.5 Sensitivity to contamination (passive behavior)
13.8.6 Loss prevention measures for avoiding damage
due to contamination
13.9 Risk factor Mechanical influences
13.9.1 General comments on mechanical influences
13.9.2 Stresses/influences
13.9.3 Classes of mechanical stresses/influences
13.9.3.1 Static stresses/stack pressure
13.9.3.2 Dynamic stresses/influences
13.10 Risk factor Toxicity/Hazards to health
13.10.1 Classification of poisons by their action
  on the human body
13.10.2 Dose, quantity of harmful substance
13.10.3 Infection
13.10.4 Loss prevention measures for avoiding
  damage due to toxicity/hazards to health
13.11 Risk factor Shrinkage/Shortage/Theft
13.11.1 Natural Shrinkage/Shortage
13.11.2 Shrinkage/Shortage due to technical causes
13.11.3 Theft
13.11.4 Loss prevention measures for avoiding
  shrinkage/shortage/theft
13.12 Risk factor Insect infestation/Diseases
13.12.1 Damage caused by storage pests
13.12.2 Living conditions of storage pests
13.12.3 Detecting storage pest infestation
13.12.4 Types of insect infestation of packaged
  foodstuffs
13.12.5 Loss prevention measures for avoiding
  insect infestation
13.12.6 Taking account of insect infestation
  when packing a container
13.12.7 Diseases
14 Cargo information - an online system for
transport professionals
14.1 Cargo information as part of the Transport
   Information Service (TIS)
14.2 Methodology
14.3 Structure of contents
14.4 Possible applications of cargo information with regard to
   container transport
 
15 Maintaining the quality of highly perishable goods
15.1 Definition of "highly perishable"
15.1.1 "Plus" goods
15.1.2 "Minus" goods
15.2 Causes of spoilage of organic goods
15.2.1 Microbiological causes of spoilage
15.2.2 Living conditions of microorganisms
15.2.2.1 Temperature requirements
15.2.2.2 Humidity/moisture requirements
15.2.2.3 Atmospheric oxygen requirements
15.2.2.4 pH value
15.2.3 Biochemical causes of spoilage
15.2.3.1 Enzymatic action
15.2.3.2 Respiration of goods of vegetable origin
15.2.3.3 Ripening of goods of vegetable origin
15.2.3.4 Allelopathy
15.2.4 Physical causes of spoilage
15.2.4.1 Drying-out of chilled & frozen goods
15.2.4.2 Chilling damage and frost damage
15.3 Temperature-controlled container transport
15.3.1 Types of refrigerated container
15.3.1.1 Porthole container
15.3.1.2 Integral Unit (Integrated Unit)
15.3.1.3 Low temperature refrigerated container
15.3.2 Chilling and cold chains
15.3.3 Chilled storage of foodstuffs
15.3.4 Freezing and freezing chains
15.3.5 Frozen storage of foodstuffs
15.4 Packaging of chilled & frozen goods
15.4.1 Demands made of packaging
15.4.2 Packaging containers
15.4.3 Packaging materials
15.4.3.1 Wooden shipping packages
15.4.3.2 Paper, cardboard and paperboard shipping
  packages
15.4.3.3 Use of plastic films
15.5 Stowage of chilled & frozen goods in refrigerated containers
15.5.1 Stowage of chilled goods
15.5.2 Stowage of frozen goods
15.6 Checklist
 
16 Container transport of specific chilled & frozen goods
16.1 Fruit
16.2 Vegetables
16.3 Living plants
16.4 Meat/fish
 
17 Hygroscopic foodstuffs
17.1 Characteristics and fitness for container transport
17.2 Cereals
17.3 Oil-bearing seeds/fruits
17.4 Dried fruit
17.5 Spices
17.6 Semiluxury items
17.7 Crystalline goods
 
18 Liquid goods
18.1 Oils & fats
18.2 Beverages
18.3 Preserved foods
 
19 Industrial raw materials, semi-manufactured articles &
industrial goods
19.1 Lumber & bark
19.2 Fibers
19.3 Paper & paper products
19.4 Gums & resins
19.5 Hides, furs, leather goods
19.6 Glass, porcelain & enamel goods
19.7 Machinery, Equipment
19.8 Electronic/electrical appliances
 

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