Refers to the taking up of gases or vapors by liquids and/or solids where the gas or vapor fully penetrates the liquid or solid (adsorption is limited to the surface).
Negative and positive accelerations are dynamic, mechanical stresses which occur in two main types during the transportation of goods:
- regular acceleration forces and
- irregular acceleration forces.
Regular acceleration forces primarily occur in maritime transport. Acceleration of up to one g (g = 9.81 [m/s²]) and, in extreme cases, even more, may occur due to rolling and pitching in rough seas. Such regular acceleration forces have an impact on the effort involved in load securing.
Irregular acceleration forces occur during cornering or when a train passes over switches, during braking, starting up, hoisting and lowering. Such acceleration forces are not generally repeated, but they may occur several times at varying intensities during transport. These are the typical stresses of land transport and transport, handling and storage operations.
The acid value specifies how many milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) are necessary to neutralize the free fatty acids in a single gram of fat.
The cross-section that is the result of cutting a tree trunk perpendicular to its length. (As opposed to "with the grain").
Applies to goods that have an active influence on other goods and their environment.
Substances added to other substances in order to modify their properties in a particular manner or to improve processing.
The uptake of gases, vapor or dissolved substances (this is limited to the surface of solid objects)
Delayed take up of water vapor by the cargo. In the Container Handbook, this refers exclusively to water vapor and describes the fact that during the day the water vapor is given off by the cargo to the air in the container (desorption) faster than the cooling of the container air is introduces water vapor to the cargo (adsorption). The water vapor condenses on the walls of the container thus leading to damage.
As used in the Container Handbook: Graphical representation of the uptake of water vapor by a substance at a specified temperature. For product information purposes, the sorption isotherms are usually taken for a temperature of 20°C.
(Greek: aer - air) Microorganisms that require atmospheric oxygen.
Greek: aer - air) Metabolic process of goods of vegetable origin, during which glucose and atmospheric oxygen are consumed by respiration processes to form carbon dioxide, water vapor and heat.
Short form of Aspergillus - flavus - toxin. A mycotoxin (mold toxin) that is produced by the fungus Aspergillus - flavus among others.
Frame shaped like the letter "A" used to transport sheet loads, similar to the type of frame used when transporting panes of glass.
Lump formation.
Airbags can be positioned in the gaps between the cargo in order to achieve a tight fit during loading.
(Greek: allelon - mutual; pathe - influence) The mutual influence of goods of vegetable origin when stored together, caused as a result of gaseous metabolic products, for example, ethylene or carbon dioxide.
Used to classify corrosion damage. The American Rust Standard is recognized worldwide and widely used. It is often used in reports produced by surveyors.
Without shape, without a fixed form.
(Greek: an - without, and aer - air) A microorganism that survives without atmospheric oxygen.
(Greek: an - without; and aer - air) Occurs with goods of vegetable origin if the permitted carbon dioxide content is exceeded.
Animal diseases are diseases which are caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa or fungi and may be transmitted to animals and humans.
Goods of animal origin.
Notifiable febrile disease caused by the anthrax bacillus.
Influence caused by human activity.
Density of lumber including hollow space.
An equation describing the dependency of reaction speed on temperature. A simplified rule of thumb for transportation purposes is that when the temperature is lowered by 10°C, degradation processes are reduced to between half and a third, i.e. the storage life can be doubled or even trebled by lowering the temperature by 10°C.
An articulated train is a combination of an articulated truck and one or more trailers, i.e. truck tractor plus semitrailer plus trailer. German road traffic licensing regulations (StVZO) forbids combinations of this type. Section 32a states explicitly that no trailers are to be towed behind articulated trucks.
An articulated truck is a combination of a truck tractor and a semitrailer.
Load stowed across the beam of the container or ship (as opposed to fore and aft stowage). In the context of load securing, it is of utmost importance whether a container is stowed athwartships or fore and aft on a ship. In the case of athwartships stowage, the greatest acceleration forces act on the actual container longitudinally rather than transversely. Load securing measures must then be taken with this in mind.
Agreement on the International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs and on the Special Equipment to be used for such Carriage (Agreement
on the Transport of Perishables); UN agreement for the cross-border transportation of foodstuffs.
(Greek: autos - self; lucin - separation) Self-digestion.
Oxidation caused atmospheric oxygen and taking place at normal temperatures.
Unit of speed for data transfer; 1 baud = 1 bit/s.
A row of containers running from one side of the ship to the other. To be distinguished from a hold.
Plan for the stowage of containers, in which each bay on a vessel is represented in a cross-sectional plan of the ship from bow to stern. A bay plan shows all possible positions for stowage on the vessel.
Numbering system for the arrangement of containers on a vessel. In this numbering system, the bay is specified first, then the container row, which runs the length of the ship, and finally the tier (vertical layer).
Numbering system for the arrangement of containers on a vessel. In this numbering system, the bay is specified first, then the tier (vertical layer) and finally the container row, which runs the length of the ship.
If a board or lumber beam is used diagonally for load securing purposes in a container, the ends must be beveled to ensure a tight fit into the container, thus allowing forces to be transferred to the container.
Sump at the lowest point of the hold, where water can collect and be pumped off.
Semi-finished products (steel products) with a square or rectangular cross-section, edge lengths of 50 to 125 mm, rounded edges and a minimum length of approximately 1000 mm. This are the used to produce for bars, wire rod and special profiles or for forged or drop-forged items.
Consignment note issued by the conisgnor as part of ocean-going and inland transportation processes which regulates the legal relationships between the loader, the consignor and the receiver of the goods that are being transported.
This note may be confirmation from the consignor that the goods have been received for shipping (Received for Shipment B/L) or a confirmation that the goods have been put on board (On Board B/L, Shipped on Board B/L). This document also covers the duty of the consignor to deliver the goods to their port of destination and to hand the goods over to the legitimate owner of the bill of lading in return for the bill of lading.
Refers to activities evident in products of vegetable or animal origin that during transportation exert an influence on the products themselves and/or on other animal or vegetable products. Biotic activity covers biochemical, microbial and other decomposition processes (e.g. allelopathy).
A bird's mouth is formed when a very flat V-shape is cut into the end of a piece of wood.
The ends of rope after a change of direction of any kind. The ends are usually joined by means of a knot, wire cable clamps, turnbuckles, shackles etc.
Rot attack on fruit. Black rot can always occur if damage to the fruit extends as far as the flesh. This is then easily transferred from an infected piece of fruit to the other fruits. Black rot is a frequent type of chilling damage occurring in pineapples.
A method of loading: In block stowage, the goods are stowed as a single block, without leaving space of the flow of air. Thus, air can only pass around the block itself.
Bulging observed on the lids and bases of cans caused by the formation of gas after the sterilization process and ultimitely leading to bursting. Such bulging can be caused by high temperatures (see heat-induced blowing) or low temperatures (see cold-induced) erfolgen
Blue discoloration of wood caused by blue stain fungi.
A normal steel strap can be refined by heat treatment (heating, quenching, tempering). It undergoes a structural change which gives it optimal properties in terms of hardness and elasticity. Heat treatment leaves an oxide layer on the surface of the steel which is a blueish color (steel blue), hence the name.
Dangerous food poisoning caused by the bacterium clostridium botulinum occurring for instance in insufficiently sterilized preserved meat or vegetables.
Alternative colloquial term for the standard ISO container.
Items used to secure general cargo loads. Bracing is usually made from squared lumber beams that are fitted between the load and the load-bearing sections of the container in order to take up the horizontal and vertical forces acting on the load. The bracing is subject to compressive stress.
Intermediate circuit of a cooling system that uses a saline solution (brine) as a coolant to reduce the freezing point. This method is often used to reduce the amount of chemical-based coolant used in the cooling system.
Caused by mechanical stress placed on plastic films at freezing temperatures.
Drying and consequential bulging of the exterior of paper packages on palets.
A so-called "buffer" is required when transporting a heavy load with a high mass and small surfaces for distributing the forces acting upon the object. Lumber beams are usually used for this purpose. For certain types of load, the effort involved in this load securing method can be reduced by using part of the load as a "buffer". Round bars are a good example, as they are 1) capable of bearing high loads, and 2) suffer no damage as a result of being used as a buffer. For this method, a round bar is first loaded across the end wall of the container. This then acts as a buffer and, in the event of jolts during transport, cushions or distributes the forces evenly across the end wall.
Since the buffer is created by the way the cargo is loaded, this method is referred to as "buffer stow".
CA = Controlled Atmosphere: For example, an artificial reduction of the level of oxygen and increase in the level of carbon dioxide to extend the lifetime of goods.
container with controlled atmosphere.
Cuboid semi-finished copper product that is used to make other semi-finished or finished products.
Hardening of bulk cargo caused by a release of water vapor; Causes the formation of lumps if moisture is present in salts or sugars.
Hardening caused by an excessively dry atmosphere, e.g. on dried fruits.
Data network with capacitive coupling to the power network for remote monitoring of refrigerated containers.
Condensation of vapors in the fine pores of adsorption media.
This is an online system for transport professionals containing transport-related risk and damage preventation information which can be called up via TIS (www.tis-gdv.de).
Condensation on the surface of the cargo: Condensation can form on the cargo as a result of climatic conditions. Cargo sweat can always occur when the temperature of the cargo is lower than or equal to the dew point. It can also occur during transportation from temperate latitudes, e.g. from northern-hemisphere winter to the tropics.
The temperature of the cargo within the container. Can vary according to place and time (e.g. during a cooling or warming process).
(Greek: katalysis - dissolution, decomposition) Change, usually the acceleration, of a chemical reaction by means of substances (catalysts) which appear to remain unchanged during the reaction process.
Capacitive Bridge Unit; component of a remote refrigerated container monitoring system where data is transferred via the power cable. A CBU is used to capacitively modulate the data signal (using a capacitor) over the power cable.
Pores in the wood structure.
Chloro Fluoro Carbons. CFCs are artificially produced gases or liquids. They are used as coolants, propellants or detergents. CFCs can remain in the atmosphere for decades before being broken down. They are a source of chlorine radicals, which react with ozone and contribute significantly toward the destruction of the ozone layer. CFCs are now banned in Switzerland and a number of other countries.
Become damaged as a result of abrasion.
Bananas are chilled when the temperature has dropped below the acceptable limit. This process means that the fruit suffers irreparable metabolic damage which renders it incapable of ripening.
Fresh meat is transported chilled.
Operating mode of a refrigerated container. During chilled operation the circulating fans run at maximum rpm and the intake air temperature is regulated constantly.
Change in consistency due to the deposition of dissolved components as a result of the cooling of aqueous solutions.
Chill damage is caused when the storage temperature goods of vegetable origin drops below the specified limits. This process means that fruit suffers irreparable metabolic damage which renders it incapable of ripening.
Occurs when the load is subject to temperatures below the acceptable limits. This process means that fruit suffers irreparable metabolic damage which renders it incapable of ripening.
This a mechanical defect of enamel goods.
Occurs when air in a space does not circulate throughout the entire space, but rather seeks the path of least resistance in parts of the space.
(Completely Knocked Down cars). For the purposes of customs, cars are not transported fully assembled, or are partially dismantled after being assembled. Final assembly of the vehicles is subsequently carried out once they reach their destination. CKD transportation makes it possible to avoid high import duties (100% and more).
(Latin: climactericus - turning point, critical time) Ready-to-eat or ripe for consumption.
(from the Latin climactericus - turning point, critical time) For bananas the "climacteric" is the point at which the fruits turn from green to yellow. Starch breaks down to form sugar. Fruits that reach the climacteric are ready-to-eat or ripe for consumption.
(from the Latin climactericus - turning point, critical time) The final increase in carbon dioxide excretion which marks the beginning of maturation of a fruit. After the climacteric rise, fruits are ready-to-eat.
Refrigeration units used to cool porthole containers on deck, in port or during road/rail transportation.
(Latin: coagulare - to congeal) Clotting of a colloid solution, for example, protoplasma.
Increase in volume of a material caused by an increase in temperature.
Dimensionless factor indicated by the Greek letter μ. This factor is used to determine the force required to overcome the friction which is produced by a specific material combination constantly sliding under the influence of a pulling force. The coefficient of sliding friction is important in load securing, since the sliding friction of a load with a specific material combination (load/loading area) must be overcome before the load slides. The greater the friction, the less effort is required in securing the load.
Resistance of an object against slipping on a surface (a function of cohesion and friction).
Special container for transporting coils. They handle greater line loads and are equipped with coil wells and special load securing features.
are built like flats or flatracks , i.e. they consist of a container floor and flat or frame-like end walls. The container floor has cargo troughs for accommodating coils /rolls of steel sheet.
Products such as steel sheets, wide strip, steel piping or wire which are coiled into rolls. Coils weighing up to 35 t are transported.
Unbroken chain from manufacture through to the consumer in which the prescribed cooling temperature is constantly maintained.
Bulging on cans caused by the canned product increasing in volume when the temperature falls below freezing point.
Flat cold-rolled products in widths of up to 650 mm and thicknesses of 0.1 - 6 mm. Can be made from a any type of steel and is available with any required surface treatment. Cold-rolled strips are available in the form of rings or strips (bars). The advantage of cold-rolled strips and sheets over hot-rolled and cold re-rolled sheets is the greater degree of accuracy of dimensions.
Flat with end walls that can be folded in when empty. The end walls are unlocked and folded down onto the loading area. In this state, the flats can be stacked. Three of the "folded" flats take up about the same space as a standard container.
Pl. colli, internationally used word meaning an item of freight (crate, box, bale, bag, bundle, etc.).
Interrelationships between the transport properties of products in relation to each other and in relation to the environment.
Refrigerated containers without their own refrigeration unit. Conair refrigerated containers, also called insulated or porthole containers, do not have their own refrigeration unit. They are thus reliant on an external supply of cold air. This is achieved by refrigeration units of various types, permanently installed on the ship, permanently installed in the terminal or clip-on units for individual containers.
Porthole containers are thermally insulated and have two sealable openings on the end walls (the portholes) through which cold air can be blown into the container and warm air can be extracted. The cold air is forced through the lower opening into the container, then distributed throughout the load via the T-bar floor, and subsequently flows through the load to the top of the container and is extracted through the upper opening.
Group of cargo items fastened together with straps or similar devices.
Contact poison that kills pests on contact.
Poison that kills pests on contact.
A container floor without sides or end walls generally used for Ro/Ro operations.
Water content of goods which would not negatively impact the quality of the goods being transported in the container. For any given load, this water content will be dependent on the duration of the journey and the route and may vary over different routes.
Goods (and their packaging) must have the physical properties which ensure that they will survive transport in a container without damage as a result of climatic, mechanical and biotic conditions (depending on the route and duration of transport). These properties include the humidity, temperature and ventilation requirements of the load.
Certificate indicating correct loading of a dangerous goods container and the observance of the regulations set out in the IMDG Code (International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code). The container packing certificate is issued by the person responsible for packing the container.
A packed section of a container.
Condensation which forms on the surfaces of the container.
Generally a moveable frame that maps the size and shape of the inside of a container. If the exact dimensions of a cargo or its packing are unknown, the 'template' can be pushed over the load in order to make sure that the correct size of container has been selected.
Damage to goods caused by dust, dirt or staining substances.
(Latin: contrahere - shrink) Reduction in volume.
If upper temperature limits are exceeded, the bananas can ripen so quickly that they burst. This is usually referred to as "cooked" bananas.
Corner fittings located at all eight corners of the container. They are used to handle the container. Lifting gear, such as container gantries and cranes, is attached to the corner castings of the containers in order to lift them. The corner castings are used in conjunction with twist locks to secure containers when traveling on road vehicles or stack and fasten them securely to the deck of ocean-going vessel. The twist locks are placed in the corner castings and engage with the corner castings (on the floor) of the next container.
Corner posts of a container. These connect the upper corner casting of a container to the lower one and form one of the most stable parts of the container.
(Latin: corrodere) Destruction of materials. When applied to metals this is an electrochemical process that can, in particular, be promoted by a good electrolyte (sea water).
Carton made of corrugated board.
Metal sheets are deliberately corrugated in order to increase their stability. Standard containers, insofar as they are made of steel sheet are usually manufactured using sheet sheets with trapezoidal corrugations. Corrugations can also be used when making steel drums, again for the purposes of stabilization.
A cradle is a frame that is used to secure loads with a tendency to roll, such as boats or cylindrical goods (boilers, large-diameter pipes, etc.). The upper side of the cradle is shaped to fit the product it is designed to carry.
A wooden receptacle formed like a case or box, with the difference that the external walls and the lid are not fully closed.
Steel bracket specially made to suit a specific crate, where the upper side of the shoe takes the crate and the underside of the shoe is designed to fit tightly to the transport medium or container.
Property of a product (e.g. bakery products).
Water content of cargo at which a change in quality is expected.
(Greek: kryptos - concealed, hidden) Microclimate in a closed space such as a container.
Cargo Transport Unit: Guidelines for the packing of loads except bulk goods either in or on CTUs for transport by means of any method of land-based or water-based transportation.
deca Newton.
Device used for automatic (and continuous) recording of data. The data can then be read out at a later time, for instance, using a laptop.
Area in a cargo stack with insufficient ventilation.
Assessment of the visible amount of rusting, i.e. the degree of damage to iron and steel cargoes as a result of corrosion. The American Rust Standard is frequently used in international trade to describe the degree of rusting.
(Latin: odor - odor; de - negation = to render odorless) Elimination of odors.
(Latin: derma - skin; -itis - suffix denoting 'inflammation') Inflammation of the skin.
Substance for absorbing moisture.
Release of the water vapor from a substance.
Graphical representation of the release of water vapor from a substance in relation to its water content at a specified temperature. For product information purposes, the isotherms are usually taken for a temperature of 20°C.
The temperature at which water vapor in the air reaches saturation point and condenses ("dew" appears).
(Latin: diffundere - to pour out, spread) Water vapor always flows from the higher to the lower partial pressure.
(Latin: dilatare - to extend) Increase in the volume of a substance as a result of increased temperature.
Packaging designed for a specific product (e.g. pears) which are also suitable for presentation at the point of sale.
The temperatures of cargo of vegetable origin are regulated in order to prevent loss of quality.
(French: dose - appropriate measure) Quantity of a toxic substance in the body.
Wood from which the sapwood has been removed.
Loss of juice as the result of recrystallization of frozen meat. If the meat is frozen rapidly at low temperatures (e.g. -27°C), small ice crystals are produced. If the meat rises to a higher temperature (e.g. -10°C), the ice crystals grow larger, i.e they recrystallize. As of a certain size, they can rupture the cell walls of the meat. These "perforated" cell walls lose substantially more cell juices than cell walls which are not damaged. The result is a loss of juice, also known as "drip loss".
See tapered blocks
Bulk cargo.
Dunnage is used to protect the contents of the container, for instance against sweat. A distinction is drawn between top dunnage side dunnage and floor dunnage. Paper (see paper dunnage), wood, plastic or many other materials can be used as dunnage.
Materials which are not fastened firmly to the means of transport or transport container and are used to protect the goods from sweat, dirt, or mechanical stress, for instance, or as an aid in stowage (interlayer dunnage). Depending on its application, it is referred to as floor dunnage, interlayer dunnage, lateral dunnage or top dunnage.
Ready-to-eat or ripe for consumption (climacteric). Ideal degree of ripeness for consumption.
European standards.
(Greek: enzymos - fermented) These are catalytic systems which break down nutrients.
The water content of the goods is in equilibrium with the quantity of water vapor in the ambient air (relative humidity).
Resting body (sclerotium) of the ergot fungus. Meal contaminated by ergot causes poisoning; ergot alkaloids produce uterine contractions.
Constituent part of spices that have a strong seasoning action and odor.
Container line running between the west coast of South America, the Caribbean and Europe. Members of the EUROSAL service include Hapag-Lloyd, Hamburg-Süd and CSAV.
Temperature (approx. -62°C) at which all the water in the cells of the product is completely frozen, preventing microbial biotic activity and therefore preventing any loss of quality to the product. The product has an infinite storage life. Water and dissolved substances crystallize out together.
Lipases.
"Full Container Load": Container packed by the shipper for door-to-door delivery without any transshipment operations.
(Latin: fermentum - yeast, fermentation) See also Enzyme: Certain organic substances induce decomposition, particularly fermentation, in other organic substances. The term "enzyme" has generally replaced the term "ferment".
Biochemical process in which energy is released from carbohydrates by enzymes.
The abbreviation "FEU" is occasionally used for "Forty foot Equivalent Unit" and refers to a 40ft container. A 40ft container comprises 2 TEUs (Twenty foot Equivalent Unit, 20ft container). Therefore: 1 FEU = 2 TEU.
Cylindrical transport container (similar to a large can or a barrel). It is made of wound kraft paper and has a sheet steel base and lid. It is generally sealed by means of closing rings and a locking lever.
Part of a network solution that based on a four-tier model (actuator-sensor level, field-level, cell-level, management-level). The "field-level" will generally comprise spatially separated machine lines and local machines linked to each other or to the superordinated level.
Packaging that is able to withstand any stresses that can be expected during the voyage and that will afford appropriate protection to the products. The stresses could vary significantly depending on the method of transport (road, rail, air, sea, combined methods of transport, repeated transshipment, etc.).
Flaking is a common fault during the production of enamel goods. In a general sense, it refers to the separation of areas of the surface due to strain and mechanical stress.
A ring welded onto the end of a pipe. It is used with its counterpart to join pipes. The rings are provided with drilled holes through which the pipes can be bolted together.
Collapsible rail/ramp for moving loads into the belly of the ship.
Container without side walls and roof, with fixed or collapsible end walls.
The ability of a material or a construction to withstand bending.
Ability of crystalline, pulverulent or granular goods to flow freely.
Point at which the goods change from solid to liquid state.
Preformatted small packages which are also used for Sales presentations.
Load stowed along the length of the container or the ship. Contrast athwartships stowage. In the context of load securing, it is of utmost importance whether a container is stowed fore and aft or athwartships on a ship. In the case of athwartships stowage, the greatest acceleration forces act on the actual container longitudinally rather than transversely. Load securing measures must then be taken with this in mind.
Drying out of frozen goods.
This is a special type of refrigerated container which can maintain the temperature of the cargo at approximately -65°C. At approximately -62°C, the "eutectic point" is reached, i.e. as of this temperature, all the water in a product is completely frozen. No microbial activity can occur when there is no free water, and therefore the product does not suffer any further loss of quality. At these temperatures, the product has an infinite storage life.
Unbroken chain from manufacture through to the consumer in which the prescribed freezing temperature is constantly maintained.
Mat made of material which hinders slipping.
Exchange of gases between fruits and the ambient air.
Apples, for instance, constantly take in oxygen when they respire and release approximately the same quantity of carbon dioxide. If you change the concentration of the gases which are involved in respiratory metabolism, you can permanently affect the intensity of the fruit respiration. This will delay the maturity and degradation processes and thus increase the duration of storage.
A gas that acts as a respiratory poison against pests.
Film of fungal growth, e.g. on microscope lenses.
Fungal filaments.
(Latin: fungus - fungus, cide - inhibiting) A means used to combat mold.
Cargo, consisting of goods, unpacked or packed, for example in cartons, crates, bags or bales, often palletized.
A generator which can be attached to a container or a truck chassis and which generates power for supplying electricity to a refrigerated container.
Gefahrgutverordnung-See. Regulation in the Federal Republic of Germany concerning the transportation of dangerous goods by sea-going vessels.
Floor of a refrigerated hold/container which is designed so that air can flow along the floor and into the space where the floor is not covered by a load. T-bar gratings comprising aluminum tee profiles are used in refrigerated containers. Hole gratings (braced boards with holes) are normally used on refrigerated cargo ships.
Storage disease frequently occurring in carrots and tomatoes.
General term for conveying equipment which runs on wheels along the ground, can be freely steered and is used to convey, pull or push loads, such as forklift trucks or side loaders.
A half-height container with no roof, which is particularly suitable for heavy and compact cargo. The container can be loaded through the open top using a crane. Due to the reduced height of this container, the rates on container ships can sometimes be more favorable.
Handling symbols are an essential part of the marking of packages and ensure greater care is taken during cargo handling.
This refers to hardboards, generally around 2-3 cm thick, that are used for load securing and for interlayer dunnage or top dunnage. Since these hardboards only has minimal material strength and, in addition, one side of the board is very smooth, they are not suitable for use as dunnage and cannot be reccommended. The exception is use as lateral load distibution or to protected neighboring cargo from low physical loads, as described under section 5.3.3.7
Container that opens at the top and can be closed with a solid roof (steel sheet). Like all containers that open at the top, this is suitable for crane loading.
Physical property of a material indicating its ability to retain heat; measured in kJ/(kg K); typical values: 4.182 kJ/(kg °C) for water, 2.1 kJ/(kg °C) for ice, 1.6 kJ/(kg °C) for many frozen foodstuffs.
Damage to a product or its packaging caused by an increase in volume when the temperature rises above a critical point.
Bulging on cans caused by dilation (expansion) of the canned product.
Also known as the k-value; physical value that specifies the degree of insulation provided by a wall or similar. For containers, heat transition takes account of the heat transfer from the air inside the container to the wall, the heat transmitted by the wall, and the heat transferred to the air outside the container; unit of measurement: W/(m²K); Typical value for refrigerated containers: 0.3 W/(m²K) (new), 0.4 W/(m²K) (old).
These are angled steel plates attached to the bottom and/or top of cargo items to prevent damage by slinging equipment.
Hot-rolled thick steel sheets (sometimes several cm), generally further processed or used in the "raw" steel industry (shipbuilding).
Heel, heel angle: Temporary inclination of a ship to one side along its fore-and-aft axis brought about by external forces working on the ship. Heeling can be caused by a rough seas, winds or the rudder position. The heel angle describes the inclination of the ship. The heel angle is the deviation from the perpendicular.
Large volume container (many cubic meters), as it is 9½ feet high (as opposed to 8ft or 8½ft).
Foodstuffs that are at risk of rapid quality degredation.
Operation with lifting gear (cranes etc.).
The objective of the container meteorology study group at the Warnemünde-Wustrow University of Seafaring, established by Professor Ulrich Scharnow in 1970, who has headed the group since that time, was to investigate the complex thermodynamic processes occurring in containers. The investigations were carried out on two standard containers, each of which was equipped with an air lock to prevent disturbing the cryptoclimate when monitoring and making measurements and a weather station. The results of the investigations were able to provide information to both container manufacturers and consignors, particularly to consignors of hygroscopic goods, about the potential for climatological stress to which the goods stored in containers are subjected under specific climatological conditions, particularly in ambient conditions exposed to radiation.
(Greek: homoios - identical; thermos - heat) Warm-blooded pests.
Hot rolled steel product with a rectangular cross-section of at least 600 mm in width. It is immediately wound into coils after rolling with the edges aligned as closely as possible (like a watch spring).
It is subsequently used to produce thin steel sheet and heavy plate as well as cold rolled strip/cold rolled wide strip.
Packaging guidelines for boxes, crates, wooden supports, etc.
HPE is the abbreviation for the:
Bundesverband Holzpackmittel Paletten Exportverpackung e.V.(German Federal Association for Wooden Packaging, Export and Palets).
Circulation produced when the temperature gradient between the cargo and the container wall is too steep. This increases the transport of humidity to the surfaces of the container.
The degree of water resistance for glass products.
(Greek: hydro - water; lysis - solution; enzymos - fermented) Fat cleavage due to moisture and fat-cleaving enzymes (lipases).
Measuring equipment used to determine the density of liquids, also areometer.
(Greek: hygros - moist, philos - love) Microorganisms that require a relative humidity of > 90%.
(Greek hygros - moist) A property of products that react to the air humidity.
Intermediate Bulk Container: A special type of bulk container for hazardous materials.
International Electrotechnical Commission.
(plural: imagoes) Fully developed insects.
International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code. Regulations concerning the international transport of dangerous goods by sea.
(Latin: inficere - to poison) Invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms causing inflammation.
Ingots are blocks of metal which are cast into a particular shape. They can vary greatly from metal to metal and from production site to production site. Aluminum, lead, zinc and tin are very often transported in this form.
Drying out that occurs within the package.
Pesticide designed specifically to combat insects.
Temperature of the air as it leaves the cooling mechanism and is blown into the refrigerated hold/container. The intake air temperature is regulated during chilled operation.
Insulated refrigerated container with an integrated refrigeration unit. Requires a three-phase power supply for operation.
Refrigerated container with integrated refrigeration unit.
Transfer of heat and water vapor at interfaces
Chilling damage in pomaceous fruit. If, for instance, apples are stored at too cold a temperature, they "freeze" and suffer irreparable metabolic damage. The flesh of the fruit usually becomes soft and brown from the core. Such damage generally cannot be detected externally.
In the context of the Container Handbook: Insect attack of goods.
Measure of the degree of unsaturated hydrocarbons in oils and fats.
(Greek: isos - same; meros - part) Intra-molecular restructuring. The atoms in the molecule are reorganized in such a way that the actual composition does not change. This usually has an effect on the chemical and physical properties.
Standard compliant with the "International Organization for Standardization".
Kraft paper (see below) made of bleached/unbleached kraft pulp and used to make the outer layers of corrugated board and millboard.
This is made of at least 90% fresh, usually unbleached, sulfate pulp (kraft pulp). It is characterized by high strength and resistance.
Labels are, in accordance with the dangerous goods stipulations of the IMDG code, adhesive labels that indicate to all parties concerned what type of dangerous goods are being transported. They differ from placards in terms of size, although placards have the same purpose.
Labels with dimensions of 10 x 10 cm are designed for use on each of the items to be transported. Placards of at least 25x25 cm must be attached to the outside of the container or vehicle.
lash:
Attaching or fixing/securing a load to a means of transport/or securing a load inside a container in order to prevent it from sliding or falling. Lashing is a widely used international term.
The term can be modified to indicate the type of lashing that is meant (direct lashing, diagonal lashing, tie-down lashing) The lashing equipment may be prefabricated lashing belts, chains, wire rope, as well as ropes made of artificial or natural fibers, or a combination of such.
The permissible lashing capacity (LC) is the maximum force that may be applied to a lashing. This lashing capacity can be found on a label that is attached to the lashing equipment.
For maritime transport, "MSL" is to be used in accordance with appendix 13 of the guideline entitled "Bekanntmachung von Änderungen von Richtlinien für die sachgerechte Stauung von Ladung bei der Beförderung mit Seeschiffen" ("Publication of amendments to guidelines for the correct stowage of cargoes for carriage in ocean-going ships") of 14 February 1996 (published in the German "Bundesanzeiger" newspaper, 7 May 1996).
A construction similar in appearance to a girder, manufactured primarily from steel and offering attachment points for lashing equipment.
Devices or aids for securing loads against slippage, tipping and falling. It may comprise chains, wires, ropes, straps or rods and is generally used in conjunction with a tensioning device (e.g. turnbuckle, twistlock or ratchet tensioner). Depending on the way in which the load is secured, it may be referred to as cylinder lashing, cross lashing, wire-rope lashing or round-turn lashing. Verb: to lash
Metal rod for securing (lashing) containers on deck.
Covering the sides of the container with dunnage provides protection against dripping sweat.
Lateral layer of cargo. Generally used to stabilize the stow or to close off the face of the load.
Grid-like structure, mainly wooden, used to secure the load.
(Latin: letalis - fatal) Fatal
Series of rail cars for container transportation. The letter j in the name indicates that the car is fitted with buffers.
(Lo-Lo) Loading and unloading of Intermodal Transport Units (ITUs) using lifting gear.
A lighter is an inland water vessel or barge usually without an engine that was originally used for reducing the draft of a ocean-going vessel by lightening the load thus allowing it to enter the port.
Weight force which can be withstood by a container floor per running meter.
Plastic fabric fixed inside a standard container with bulk cargo.
(Greek: lipos - fat, oil) Fat-cleaving enzymes.
Liquid cargo
A red line in refrigerated containers that indicates the maximum stowage height of the load to allow sufficient air circulation below the roof.
Foams which are used as fillers, generally made from PE or PU. They are used to fill gaps in the container, and thus to ensure tight fit and firm securing of the load.
Coils (rolls of steel sheet) are generally loaded athwartships with their winding axis fore and aft. They are stowed from the side walls inwards, so that one or two spaces are left in the center that are too small for a further coil. The locking coil(s) is (are) placed in this (these) space(s). The opening angle leads to significant lateral pressure. This pressure forces the other coils towards the ship's sides, thus stabilizing the stow / row of coils. Locking coils must not protrude down into the cantlines of the lower tier by more than one-third of the diameter of the locking coil, since if they protrude any further, the increased lateral pressure can lead to damage to the coils.
Temperatures below this limit lead to quality degradation, e.g. chilling.
Increased kink resistance achieved by adding plasticizer to synthetic plastics.
Refrigerated containers that enable goods to be transported at temperatures as low as -60°C.
(Latin: lumen - cavity) Pores in the structure of wood, cavities in vegetable fibers.
Frozen goods are packed using the block stowage method merely for protection against the effects of external heat, so it must be ensured that subzero temperatures are maintained in the floor, side and ceiling areas. A free space of at least 8 -10 cm must be left for the return air between the top of the cargo block and the container roof. This maximum cargo height is indicated in the containers.
The strength of a material to resist a tensile load without suffering plastic/permanent deformation. The MSL is extremely important for cargo securing, since materials which are liable to suffer permanent deformation must not be used for securing cargoes. Cargo securing materials must therefore be dimensioned to ensure that they are loaded no further than their MSL.
Quarantine pest which particularly attacks citrus fruits.
(Latin: medulla - marrow) The medulla is responsible for feeding the wool fibre.
(Greek: mesos - middle; philos - love) Microorganisms thriving above 86% relative humidity.
(Greek: mesos - middle; philos - love) Microorganisms thriving at medium temperatures.
Millimeters of water: Unit for small differences in pressure, measured as the difference in height in mm between the two surfaces of a water column in a siphon. 1 mm H2O = 9.81 Pa.
Packages or unit loads are suitable for modular container stuffing if their dimensions or multiples of their dimensions are equal to the internal dimensions of the container. By using appropriately dimensioned load units it is possible to tightly pack the container making good use of the "natural" securing elements of the container, namely the side and end walls. If the cargo modular unit load dimensions and the overall load is of appropriate dimensions, there may be no need for additional load securing measures to be implemented.
Packaging whose dimensions permit the items in a consignment to be grouped together to form modules. Modules are predefined basic sizes defined for cargo units which enable them to fit together, to be combined and to be transported with different means of transport.
Degree to which the quality of a product is impacted even by minimal uptake of water vapor.
Relative humidity in excess of 75% promotes rapid multiplication of the majority of mold species.
(Greek: monos - one; phagein - to eat) Associated with a particular food source.
MaximumSecuringLoad (MSL) is the strength of a material to resist a tensile load without suffering plastic/permanent deformation. The MSL is extremely important for cargo securing, since materials which are liable to suffer permanent deformation must not be used for securing cargoes. Cargo securing materials must therefore be dimensioned to ensure that they are loaded no further than their MSL. For maritime transport, "MSL" is to be used in accordance with appendix 13 of the guideline entitled "Bekanntmachung von Änderungen von Richtlinien für die sachgerechte Stauung von Ladung bei der Beförderung mit Seeschiffen" ("Publication of amendments to guidelines for the correct stowage of cargoes for carriage in ocean-going ships") of 14 February 1996 (published in the German "Bundesanzeiger" newspaper, 7 May 1996). The text of this guideline can be found in TIS
.
Poisonous metabolic products produced by mold.
Frequency band for data transfer via the power cable. The frequency on narrowband is 55 kHz.
Goods which are mutually compatible and compatible with their environment display neutral behavior.
Breaking load (BL): Specifies the load at which a material will fail.
(Latin: climactericus - turning point, critical time) Fruits which are not (yet) ready to eat or ripe for consumption.
Goods which do not cause a change in the ambient atmosphere (except perhaps a release of water). These include all frozen goods and goods sealed in gas-tight packaging, steel products and all products which are not subject to decomposition processes. Caution! Degradation processes occur even in scrap lumber/wooden chips, shredded scrap metal, waste paper, etc. Although these cannot be described as respiration, they nevertheless consume O2 and release CO2 to the extent that this may lead to the build-up of life-threatening concentrations in closed rooms.
Water absorbent cloth underneath the container roof.
Sensitivity of the goods to foreign odors.
Taking up of odors from foreign substances or gases in the environment.
Rot of the neck of onions caused by the mold Botrytis allii.
The colloquial meaning is the transport of goods from the sea port/airport to the domestic port of destination. In accordance with the German Commercial Code, onward-carriage is the delivery of goods from the store of a receiving agent to the final recipient. During this phase of the transport chain, the freight regulations of the German Commercial Code apply.
Container with sides which can be opened, usually closed with tarpaulin and bows.
Container open at the top (enables the container to be loaded by crane).
Fat cleavage produced by atmospheric oxygen.
A container made from plastic or steel with a firmly closed lid, for transportation of liquids, in particular paints and oils.
Transport container/box with integrated pallet.
Loading of uniform packages onto pallets in accordance with a predefined packing plan. For reasons of stability this should be done in such a way that the load items interlock.
Cargo which has been grouped into a single cargo unit. Better rates are generally available for packing containers with palletized loads in the case of LCL (Less than Container Load), as a pallet load can be better handled with ground conveyors (q.v.) than individual items.
Covering the floor, sides and cargo surface with paper dunnage provides protection against dripping sweat.
These are diseases caused by parasites.
In a mixture of gases, each component has a partial pressure. The sum total of all partial pressures is the absolute pressure. The partial pressure difference is the difference between the partial pressures of the gases either side of a gas separation membrane.
Air pollution caused by dust.
Defines the sensitivity of cargo to other cargo and to its environment (e.g. sensitivity to foreign odors).
The revenue-producing load carried by a means of transport.
Power Cable Transmission: Transfer of digital data by means of the high-voltage power cable.
Chilling damage in citrus fruit.
Penetration of packages occurs as a result of insect activity (holes eaten out by insects).
Property of a material which measures the rate at which gases pass through the material as a result of solution diffusion processes.
Change to the state of an aggregate as a result of temperatures rising above or below the solidification and melting temperatures, e.g. with oils and fats
Hydrogen ion concentration. This indicates the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
Post-climacteric: This is the start of overripeness. The fruits start to decompose, the taste suffers and the fruits can easily be attacked by mold or rot.
Certificate of health under the International Plant Protection Convention.
Preclimacteric, the stage of ripeness prior to the ready-to-eat/ripe for consumption stage.
Teredo which destroys wood
These are used to protect cylindrical goods, to unitize them and to ensure that they can be transported safely. They comprise pairs of squared lumber, steel profiles or similar materials which are placed above or below the goods and are generally connected to each other with threaded rods at the sides.
Movements of a ship around its transverse axis.
Placards are, in accordance with the dangerous goods stipulations of the IMDG code, adhesive placards that indicate to all parties concerned what type of dangerous goods are being transported. They differ from labels in terms of size, although labels have the same purpose.
Placards of at least 25x25 cm must be attached to the outside of the container or vehicle.
Labels of a size of 10x10 cm must be attached to each package to be transported.
(Greek: poecil - multicolored; thermos - heat) Cold-blooded pests.
(Greek: poly - many; meros - part) Gelling of oils caused by exposure to heat, in particular in the context of plastics manufacture.
(Greek: poly - many) Associated with many food sources.
A particularly strong type of rope: Hercules rope is a combination of fiber and wire rope, the individual strands have a wire core. This construction means that Hercules rope is easier to handle than ordinary wire rope.
Used to insulate refrigerated containers. It is also known as construction foam.
Refrigerated containers without a separate refrigeration unit:
Porthole refrigerated containers, also called insulated or CONAIR containers, do not have their own refrigeration unit. They are thus reliant on an external supply of cold air. This is achieved by refrigeration units of various types, permanently installed on the ship, permanently installed in the terminal or clip-on units for individual containers.
Porthole containers are thermally insulated and have two sealable openings on the end walls (the portholes) through which cold air can be blown into the container and warm air can be extracted. The cold air is forced through the lower opening into the container, then distributed throughout the load via the T-bar floor, and subsequently flows through the load to the top of the container and is extracted through the upper opening.
(Latin: post - after; climactericus - turning point, critical time) Physiological ripeness.
Heat and moisture can cause products such as coffee, cocoa, tobacco to ferment again, which in turn can make them unfit for consumption.
(Latin: post - after; mors - death) After death.
The carriage of goods (containers) by any mode of transport from the place of receipt to the port (place) of loading into the ocean vessel (main means of transport).
(Latin: climactericus - turning point, critical time) Picking, harvesting, shipping or industrial ripeness.
These are ready-made lashing belts with hooks and tensioning elements sewn in.
Semi-preserved foodstuffs with limited shelf life.
Foodstuffs preserved by sterilization and stored in cans/jars.
In order to accelerate unloading, the strops used on loading are left on the cargo units. This then makes slinging unnecessary when discharging the cargo.
Test to examine correct operation of a refrigerated container. The test should be carried out before transporting refrigerated goods.
Protection of goods against spoilage by animal pests.
(Greek: psychros - cold, philos - love) Microorganisms that thrive at low temperatures.
Spoilage on the surface of meat/fish.
Autolysis due to enzymes within the meat.
(Greek: pyknos - sealed) Measuring device used to determine the density of liquids.
(French: quarante - forty): Infectious and notifiable diseases that carry a mandatory isolation period (quarantine) for infected parties. Such diseases can be spread as a result of trade and transportation.
Precaution against contagion and infection: Isolation, (French: quarante - forty) originally lasting forty days, to prevent the introduction of diseases and pests.
(French: quarante - forty) Pests that carry or spread quarantinable diseases (see above), or which can themselves be termed quarantinable diseases.
Radiation conditions calculated on the basis of the measured duration of sunshine and solar altitude for 10 day measurement periods.
Oils and fats spoil by becoming rancid. This causes changes in odor and taste, which can make edible oils and fats inedible.
Capacity of a material or construction to return to its original position (elastic deformation).
If meat is frozen rapidly at low temperatures (e.g. -27°C), small ice crystals are produced. If the meat rises to a higher temperature (e.g. -10°C), the ice crystals grow larger, i.e they recrystallize. As of a certain size, they can rupture the cell walls of the meat. These "perforated" cell walls lose substantially more cell juices than cell walls which are not damaged. The result is a loss of juice, also known as "drip loss".
Relative humidity is derived from the ratio of absolute moisture content to saturation content. Depending on its temperature, air can absorb different quantities of water vapor until it is saturated (100% relative humidity). Absolute humidity (moisture content) is the quantity of water actually present in the air and is measured in grams per cubic meter (g/m³). Relative humidity expresses as a percentage the quantity of water vapor the air has at a specific temperature, relative to its saturation content. If, for instance, air at 20°C has an absolute humidity of 12.1it will have a relative humidity of 70%. If air has reached its saturation content at 20°C, it has absorbed 17.3 g/m³ of water.
Pressing residues arising from oil extraction from oil-bearing seeds/fruits.
Breathing. Even after it has been harvested, fruit undergoes ripening processes. Bananas, for instance, absorb O2 from the ambient atmosphere, convert starch to sugar and release CO2, ethylene, water vapor and heat. This ripening process is also known as respiration.
Heat which is released during respiration.
Generally goods of vegetable origin, for example fruits, for which ripening or degradation processes are taking place. These take air (or gases) from the atmosphere surrounding them and give off CO2, water vapor and heat to their environment.
Temperature of the air which is drawn off from the refrigerated hold/container. The return air temperature is controlled during refrigeration.
Required information on possible risks for the transport, handling and storage processes, available from TIS (Transport Information Service www.tis-gdv.de).
Risk of the illegal removal or appropriation of goods or objects. A distinction is made between simple larceny (i.e. without the use of force) and compound larceny (i.e. with forced entry by breaking and entering or by copued keys.
Angle at which a ship moves around its longitudinal axis.
Oscillation due to rolling. This is the name given to the movement of a ship around its longitudinal axis.
Steel or aluminum frame construction in conjunction with removable wooden/aluminum gates that hold the tarpaulin of a truck, trailer, semi-trailer or a swap body. This type of open-sided construction is sometimes known as a tarpaulin truck.
Roll-on/roll-off: Cargo ship on which the mobile cargo can be rolled directly on and off board (by lorry, trailer, etc.) by means of bow, stern and side doors (ramps). In contrast to this, cargo loaded and discharged on other cargo ships by means of their own or external loading tackle (vertical handling).
Hawsers, ropes or belts wound around an item. On the one hand as a basis for forming a knot, on the other hand as a method of lashing. Unfortunately, round turn lashing is a widespread "securing method". It is absolutely unsuitable for securing a cargo as the cargo can move "freely" in the loop and no securing effect is thus achieved.
Cargo is secured appropriately if it is loaded, stowed and secured in such a way that it cannot be damaged by events that can be reasonably expected during carriage.
Infectious, febrile intestinal and general diseases caused by salmonellae.
Quarantine pest that attacks stone fruit, pomaceous fruit and berries, as well as decorative woods und structural lumber.
Depending on its temperature, air can absorb different quantities of water vapor until it is saturated (100% relative humidity).
Packaging impervious to water vapor used to store goods at risk of corrosion. Desiccants are used in sealed packages to maintain an artificial atmosphere with a relative humidity of < 40%. No corrosion is possible below this threshold.
Contamination caused as a result of microorganisms (durable spores) from previous contaminated loads that are able to attack a subsequent cargo.
Temperature increase within an organic solid without external heat input.
Steel products that have already been shaped by hot-rolling or continuous casting processes and which are then subjected to further shaping to produce finished products. These include:
Rough-rolled blocks (blooms with round or square cross-sections), slabs, billets, boards and ingots.
Trailer with a rear axle assembly that is pulled by a towing tractor or truck tractor. There are two different kinds of trailer: Semitrailers that are also permitted in road traffic, and roll trailers (cargo trailers) that are pulled by towing tractors and are used only in ro-ro operations. These towing tractors are permitted only in terminal operations, and not allowed to be used on public roads.
Chill haze
Part of the marking on packages. The shipping mark comprises:
- Identification mark: e.g. initial letters of recipient or shipper
- Identification number: e.g. the recipient's order number
- Total number of items in the complete consignment
- Sequential number of the package in the consignment
- Final destination and port of destination.
These indicators are attached to sensitive loads for monitoring purposes. They indicate whether specified threshold values have been exceeded either in terms of acceleration or tilt.
Loss of volume, for instance with leather goods as a result of drying out.
Loss in volume, reduction (weight loss) of goods during transport or storage.
Shrink wrapping involves enclosing the package contents in shrink film (flat or tubular film), heat sealing any unsealed portions and separating the package from the film web or covering the package contents with a shrink cover. Depending upon the shape and weight of the package contents, the shrink material used should be PE or plasticized PVC film of a thickness of 0.01 to 0.2 mm, with PE films being particularly suitable for heavy items. The film is heated from the outside in a shrink-wrap oven or with hand-held heat gun, thus releasing the captive tension in the film. Shrink films are produced in either monoaxial (in a single direction) or biaxial (in two directions) orientation. As the film cools down, it shrinks around the package contents, applying a very low pressure per unit area.
Physical changes in materials caused by high temperatures; applied in particular to metals, ceramics and minerals/rock.
Giant wood wasp. When using packaging made of wood for marine transport to Australia and New Zealand, the appropriate treatment and certification of the wood must be observed.
SKD (semi knocked-down cars): For export to countries which apply high levels of customs duty to luxury goods, automobiles are shipped in completely knocked down (CKD) or semi/part knocked down (SKD, PKD) form. In this case, the package sizes for the individual components are adapted precisely to the container in which they are transported, which means that the cargo is secured by tight fit.
Skids are sled-like bases used to facilitate ground conveyance of/securing of, for example, heavy machinery and machine parts
Cuboid half-finished steel products that are hot-rolled into sheets at the rolling mill.
See tapered blocks
Describes the process of attaching slinging equipment (for example, ropes, chains or webbing slings) to a load in order for it to be lifted/transshipped safely using lifting gear, for example, a crane.
Rolled sheets are produced in relatively wide strips (e.g. > 600 mm), also called wide strip. In order to be able to offer narrower strips, the strips are cut to slit strip in a slitting unit.
Specifies the position of the container on board the ship, for example using the Bay Row Tier system.
Rate used to calculate the cost of renting a slot for transporting a single container on board a ship.
A type of refrigerated container (trade name).
(Latin: adsorbere - take up) Absorption or release of water vapor by a hygroscopic cargo until equilibrium is reached.
Graphical representation of the sorption behavior of a substance at a specified temperature.
These are collapsible stanchions that can be inserted and locked in place or unlocked and folded down. Stanchions are suitable for providing tight fitting lateral load securing for many types of load.
A rise in temperature of an organic solid without external heat to a point where the solid ignites spontaneously.
Containers were traditionally handled using four wire ropes and cranes. However as the opening angle of the wire ropes placed considerable horizontal pressure on the tops of the containers, steel framed constructions (spreaders) were introduced in order reduce these forces. These spreaders have undergone constant development and are still used on container gantries today.
The force acting on lower packing units as as a result of the units stacked on top of them. Standardized DIN and ISO symbols are used to identify the permitted stacking loads.
Different positions of tobacco leaves on the stalk which are harvested at different times.
Rods or bars on the sides and corners of an open means of transport or container, used to secure the cargo. Removable stanchions are inserted into the stanchion pockets provided.
Poison which enters the body of the insect on food intake (ingestion). Stomach poisons are usually administered using artificial bait.
Refers to the specific external conditions (humidity, temperature, ventilation) in which particular products can be stored without risk of a reduction in value or of damage to the products.
The stowage factor specifies how many cbm or cbf of hold space in a ship will be taken up by a metric tonne, a US ton, or an Imperial ton (1,000 kg/907.18 kg/1016 kg) of a cargo taking into account gaps, shape of the hold, number of 'tween decks, supports and the use of dunnage.
Special self-propelled vehicle for moving containers within the terminal.
Stretch film used to wrap cargo to form bales or to wrap cargo to pallets.
To unpack/unload a container.
Slinging equipment from various materials. Strops are slung round the load and attached to the hook of the crane.
To pack or load a container.
Transition from the solid to gaseous state without passing through the liquid state.
Swap bodies are vehicle bodies that are not permanently fixed to the carrying vehicle. They are similar to containers and are locked to the carrying vehicles in the same way using twist locks. At the loading bays, the swap bodies can be stored standing on their own legs. They are suitable for use for multimodal transport by road and rail and have grappler pockets which allow them to be moved using gantry cranes.
Classification of sweat water according to intensity. Grades range from 0 (no sweat water) through to 6 (greatest formation of sweat water). The classification is made by observing the volume of water produced per m² surface, thus how many grams of sweat water appear for each square meter for each of the grades.
Increase in volume of solid substances, particularly hygroscopic substances, (paper, natural fibers) as a result of exposure to moisture.
Congregation of molecules, leads to "sweating" in cereals.
Formation of viscous liquids as a result of humidity and warmth, for example, in dried fruits.
A large container essentially comprising an ISO frame in which liquid containers are mounted. They must meet special requirements with respect to pressure-resistance as a result of the pressures they have to withstand. For this reason, the actual containers are generally cylindrical or spherical in form. Several containers can be mounted either horizontally or vertically in a single frame. Only specific containers must be used for foodstuffs and must be marked "Potable liquids only". Tank containers for hazardous goods must meet the requirements of the IMDG code. Half-height tank containers serve to carry high-density liquids which cannot be carried in normal tank containers because they cannot be filled to a high enough level and are therefore subject to surging.
These are wedges cut at a narrow angle to allow small gaps between items of cargo to be braced. They are also referred to as slim wedges or driving wedges.
Transformer Bypass Unit: Component of a remote refrigerated container monitoring system with data transfer via the power cable. A TBU allows a transformer to be bridged, that would otherwise not let the data signal pass.
The top of telescope cartons is fabricated as a separate part and overlaps all four sides of the carton (e.g. banana boxes).
Transportation during which the optimum temperature for chilled and frozen products is maintained.
The difference between the temperature of the goods and the dew point temperature of the air surrounding the goods.
Differences in temperature within a spatial distance.
Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit: Corresponds to a 20 foot container, where the container height (8ft, 8½ft oder 9½ft) is not taken into account; unit for counting containers.
Plywood board with a phenolic laminate backing to enhance durability. The laminate is textured with a screen-printing process.
Pure solid lumber without cavities.
(Greek: thermos - heat, philos - love) Microorganisms that thrive on heat.
(Greek: thigma - contact, touch; taxis - arrangement, sequence) Stimulus by touch.
Layer in a container that is numbered from bottom to top.
A method of securing the load by direct or indirect physical contact with load-bearing components of the means of transport or the transport container.
Transport Information Service (www.tis-gdv.de)
Threshold Limit Value (referring to harmful substances in the workplace).
Cooling equipment for supplying of cool air to porthole containers in terminals.
(Greek: toxikon - poison) Poisonous
(Greek: toxikon - poison) The degree to which a substance is poisonous.
Discrepancy between the amount a country imports and the amount it exports.
Evaporation losses in vegetable products as a result of respiration (transpiration).
Negative and positive accelerations are dynamic, mechanical stresses which occur in two main types during the transportation of goods:
- regular acceleration forces and
- irregular acceleration forces.
Regular acceleration forces primarily occur in maritime transport. Acceleration of up to one g (g = 9.81 [m/s²]) and, in extreme cases, even more, may occur due to rolling and pitching in rough seas. Such regular acceleration forces have an impact on the effort involved in load securing.
Irregular acceleration forces occur during cornering or when a train passes over switches, during braking, starting up, hoisting and lowering. Such acceleration forces are not generally repeated, but they may occur several times at varying intensities during transport. These are the typical stresses of land transport and transport, handling and storage operations.
Product properties required for transport, handling and storage processes
Loading, travel and pulp temperatures, e.g. for sweet oils.
Optimum storage temperature of a product.
Trays are preformed containers made from plastic to take individual fruits that are particularly sensitive to pressure.
Human disease caused by triciniellae (trichinella spiralis). Household pets, for example may be secondary hosts. Meat inspections are statutory preventive measures.
(Latin: turgescere - to swell) Inner pressure, distension of cells.
Tightening elements made up of two threaded rods, a threaded barrel and a lever, usually in the form of a ratchet. Turnbuckles are the preferred tensioning method when securing loads with chains.
Banana that is becoming ripe to eat.
A securing mechanism for securing containers in a vertical direction; twist locks are placed between the containers and fastened in the oblong holes on the container corners.
Grouping together of items for transport into transport units (e.g. in containers or on pallets).
Unit loads are parts of a shipment that can be treated as a single unit during cargo handling and transportation. The size or dimensions of the unit load can vary according to requirements and to the means of transport and packaging container available. To optimize the cargo handling, transport and storage processes, standardization of unit loads is desirable. The most common unit loads are pallets and components with bases that resemble pallets, such as pallet boxes, IBCs, etc. The most important properties of a unit load are that it can be loaded to ensure a tight fit, its modularity and its stability, the last of which ensures that it can be stowed safely and will not be damaged by load securing measures.
Temperatures above this limit lead to quality degradation.
In the context of load securing, upright blocking is understood to be wooden elements inserted vertically in order to take up and transfer loads.
United States Department of Agriculture; U.S. governmental department responsible for the regulations concerning the import of foodstuffs.
A method used to inhibit corrosion.
(Latin: viscum - tenacity) Degree of resistance to flow in a fluid or semifluid for gas, caused by internal friction.
The volume-to-payload ratio of a means of transport specifies the volume available per unit weight payload. In the metric system, it is usual to specify the ration in cubic meters per metric ton (m³/t). In english-speaking countries, it is usual to use cubic feet per ton (cu.ft./t).
Plywood board, generally around 2 cm thick, often used for load securing and for interlayer dunnage or top dunnage.
The percentage of total mass of a substance that is constituted by water.
Classification of goods in accordance with their water content.
Desorption
Adsorption
Damage as a result of moisture affecting, for instance paper plies, veneered boards.
Frequency band for data transfer via the power cable. The frequencies used for wide band range from 140 kHz to 400 kHz.
Wireless Local Area Network; a wireless (radio) network used for transfering data; is also used in offices.
Steel product made in rod wire rolling mills with varying cross-sections. German standards refer to wire rod as a product that can be wound immediately into coils from the rolling mill whilst still hot.
Coils of wire rod. Depending on the nature of the goods and any intended subsequent processing these coils are corrosion-sensitive and sensitive to mechanical damage, for example, kinks forming in the wire. The length of the winding axis is a critical factor in determining the way they are stowed.
Certificate of treatment against insect infestation.
(Greek: xeros - dry, philos - love) Microorganisms that survive at a low relative humidity of (approximately 75%).