5.2.13   Pipes, nonmetallic
The basic stowage methods section has already described how to pack and secure pipes with sockets. The metallic pipes examples included tips for packing and securing socketless pipes. Nonmetallic pipes, whether made from ceramics, plastics or other materials, can be secured very effectively in the sideways direction with loop lashings. Lattices can be used in the lengthwise direction. Neither securing method exerts harmful pressure on the pipes to be carried. Only once inertia forces come into play due to acceleration do the securing means become effective and exert forces on the cargo.

The following example is simply meant to demonstrate that even sensitive pipes can be secured with lumber, in particular when a container lacks lashing points.  

Securing a stack of pipes with boards
and beams

 
This method is relatively simple to implement. For clarity's sake, only the front part is drawn in.
 
Securing with boards and beams - key

Boards (a) are arranged in pairs against the container side walls before the pipes are placed inside. Once the pipes have been packed, squared lumber beams (b) are laid on the sides of the pipe stack in such a manner that the cut bevels are wedged against the boards. The wooden securing members are fixed in place using further beams (c) and nailed-down board ends (d). Additional longitudinal boards or wooden X-bracing, which may be used to reinforce the overall structure, have not been drawn in.
 
The following Figure shows another possible design:
Securing a stack of pipes with squared lumber, beams and boards

 
In order to clarify the order in which the securing operations are carried out, the same diagram is given below with an added key:
 
Securing with squared lumber, beams and boards - key

 
Before loading, squared lumber members (a) are arranged in pairs against the container side walls, either fitted exactly into the corrugations or fixed with driving wedges. Depending on their mass, once the pipes have been loaded, squared lumber members or beams (b) are placed on the sides of the pipe stack and wedged against the squared lumber uprights with their beveled ends which have been cut to size. In order to fix these wooden members at the top, a squared lumber member (c) with two wooden members (d) nailed on underneath is in each case fitted between the squared lumber uprights in such a manner that the wooden members (b) are held together at the top. The boards (e) and (f) are provided in order to fasten the members (c) and (d) together and they moreover provide additional stability to the entire structure. Some of these operations can, indeed should, be carried out outside the container or before packing.
 
 

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